Lecture 4. Receiver’s efficiency
4.1.
Receiver’s characteristics
4.2.
Characteristics of the environment
4.3.
The feeling of belonging
4.4.
The community whole
Objectives:
· Knowing the person
/ persons we speak to
· Understanding
several points of view and developing the respect for other opinions than the
personal ones.
· Making the habit of
judging the opinion and not the person uttering it.
Applications:
· Form groups of 5-6
participants interested in listening
· Each of them has to
relate to the others by asking questions with the purpose of knowing them best.
· Compare the
results: who got the most information and what was the method used.
· Discuss about how
important it is to let the interlocutor speak.
In the main, for an
ideal communication to take place, the qualities of the receiver cannot be
essentially different from those of the sender. A pleasant conversation cannot
take place but between persons that resemble in mentality, conception,
interest, cultural environment etc. This does not mean that we have nothing to
learn from the persons that are different from us, on the contrary, but the
ideal communication is that between … gentlemen, ladies, young ladies, friends
and lovers. As regards the old age, nobody is able to talk and really
understand the other when talking about the old age but two aged persons, and
similarly, with regard to the troubles of the puberty only two adolescent
persons are able to complain and understand each other. Besides, in order to
have an ideal communication, the interlocutors do not need to agree, or to
contradict each other, the necessary thing is to have the same interest in approaching
the subject and in searching for a solution, as well as the belief that both
use the same language of heart and soul. The literary critic and historian,
Şerban Cioculescu,[1]
talking about the qualities of a dialogue, mentioned the following possibilities
reduced to essence. The first one: the sender communicates a piece of
information equal to the yes-affirmative, and the receiver agrees and also
replies with “yes”. In this situation, communication took place, but was
reduced to minimum, and thus we have a closed communication. Second situation:
the sender transmits a piece of information, communicates a truth reduced to a
“yes”, and the receiver, receiving it, replies with “no”. In this situation
communication is also closed, being impossible to carry on a dialogue. The
third possibility, the ideal one, is the only chance: the sender communicates
“yes”, the receiver replies “yes”, but also brings arguments to its partial
agreement and to its partial negation, qualifying what he likes and what he would
have to add. I. L. Caragiale, with his appreciated humour, grasped the essence
of communication. It is said that, during a conversation with his friend,
Eminescu, he was caught by this one making an affirmation contrary to the one
asserted a day before.
-
But yesterday you agreed with me, it is said that
Mihai Eminescu would have said, exasperated, now why don’t you agree, it is
about the same matter.
-
Well, that’s a good one, answered Iancu Caragiale, how
would we be able to have a conversation if we both had the same opinions?
- objectives, attitude and motivation for the
receiving of the message.
Even if he is not
always aware of this, when entering a conversation, the receiver of the message
has a purpose. Even if this purpose arises out of noblesse, or even if it is
just out of habit, the receiver aims at something, has a purpose, although,
probably, he may not be able to explain it, at the first signal. When turning
on the radio or the TV, when buying his favourite newspaper, even if this means
routine, he still wants to be informed, although, sometimes, if questioned, he
might answer that he knew what he was to hear or to read. If the attitude of
the beneficiary of a message is positive, then he really has something to gain,
and the contrary: if he turns on the TV only for the background noise, he will
not remember much. The same thing happens if he reads a book but he dreams
about an exposition. This means that we need a welcoming, educational attitude,
that we have to establish a purpose, and this purpose has to be perseveringly
followed. We need to be aware of the advantages arising from the reception of a
message.
A similar attitude
is necessary when listening to somebody complaining. If we do this only out of
professional obligation or out of politeness, our lack of interest will be
easily noticed. But if we start from the assumption that we may be useful, that
the message once received requires involvement, and the person sending it finds
itself in a special situation, its words are not indifferent to us any more,
but they turn into a real S.O.S. For the teacher, the social worker, the
clergyman, the journalist, this attitude of continuous connection with the
receiver is mandatory.
- the difference in social training, education
and culture between the sender and the receiver.
There is nothing
more normal than the existence of differences between the sender and the
receiver, indifferently of the domain they arise from. If there were no level
differences, the circuit of the values would not work. Similar to the principle
of the communicating recipients: if the liquid were at the same level, it would
not be able to circulate through the recipients. The same thing also happens in
nature: without level differences, water would not be able to run downstream, air
would not be able to refresh, and we would not be able to enjoy the sea breeze,
the gentle breeze of zephyr, the clouds and the sun. Not even the hills and the
mountains with their valleys would not justify their emergence and existence.
Cultural differences or those of temperament, although, initially, an obstacle
in communication, may be transformed into the best binding element of
understanding. The cultures proving their receptivity are the most vivid ones,
while those locking themselves up, out of the fear or out of the incapacity of
receiving, run the risk of disappearing. Cultural interference, multicultural
character, the interest in the person that not entirely resembles you,
receptiveness, the answer to other’s needs, are only a few of the characteristic
features that make the message easier, conferring it reason and efficiency.
-personal relationship with the sender
Maybe the most
important thing in communication is represented by the correct evaluation of
the interlocutor, by the science of knowing the position held as against the
others, and also knowing the position held by us as against the interlocutor.
The ideal thing would be to deal only with friends, but this thing, as any
ideal, cannot be reached, as we cannot become friends with every person we
talked to, we are talking to, or we will talk to, in the future. And, maybe, it
would not be good to have so many friends, because it is well known that who
has many friends, in fact, has none. But a personal relationship may exist
between the sender and the receiver. And in order to have a long lasting
relationship, they have to get to know each other. This is also applicable in
the case of the sender – receiver represented by persons (two people), but also
when we deal with two institutions collaborating and mutually sending messages.
This is applicable, of course, when referring to mass media. The listener of a
radio station, the subscriber of a television have the feeling that they belong
to a special sender: they prefer certain channels, certain shows, certain show
producers. And even certain broadcasting hours.
An ideal personal
relationship is also required from the sender: he has to consider his receiver
a living, present and active being. A being that has needs and pretensions,
rights and almost no obligation, because we all wish to receive and to have our
requirements observed, even if they are not uttered. This truth is more valid
in mass media, where the receiver is the most exigent with the favourite
sender.
- psychophysical characteristics
The receiver has
characteristics that make him an individuality. The better we know to show him
that we consider him a person, an individual, a special case, the more we will
succeed in getting to know him, to collaborate with him, to help him and to
change him, if these represent our goals. If he has eye problems, it goes
without saying that he will not watch TV for hours. If he has a locomotion
deficiency, he will not enjoy having a conversation with us, by taking a walk
on an alley in a park and all the more reason, we will not invite him to a
mountain trip. If the receiver of our message lost somebody dear from his
family, we will not tell him about the happiness of our home, safe from
misfortunes for many years. It is necessary for us to know in what stage of
personality development finds our interlocutor. We cannot get into his soul if
we do not know anything about his past, about his worries, if we are have no
patience in listening his sorrow. To the extent we consider that we deserve a
special attention – and we do! – in the same extent (at least!) we must be
aware of the fact that the person next to us also considers himself unique and
that there is nothing more valuable for him than his own existence, in which
his biography, the biography of the beloved ones, his present and the future
prospects are included.
- Previous experience in similar situations
The receiver shall
judge any message, by relating to something that once happened to him in a
similar situation. It is wrong to believe that the receiver possesses a bad
memory and may be fooled or that we may catch his attention each time we appeal
to him. The preference somebody has for another person is not every time
subjective, but on the contrary, it is the result of a good communication that
once took place. The same happens in the case of mass media: the receivers
choose the shows and the channels based on the satisfactions once obtained and
not hazardously. The previous experience also helps the sender to avoid making
mistakes. For example, if he once used a language that was too academic and he
could not make himself understood, on another occasion, he would do his best to
express himself in an unaffected manner, preparing other examples, an the
contrary: one would not appear in front of an elevated audience telling jokes
heard during the entertainment shows.
- the difference of information between the
sender and the receiver
When there are
cultural and informational differences between the sender and the receiver -
and these differences are present almost all the time, this being a normal
thing – the sender must undertake the active part. This is the reason why he is
the sender: he has something to transmit to the addressee, he offers him
something that misses, or he believes that it misses. But if it is normal for
the sender to have plenty of information and gifts, it is wrong for him to show
it to the receiver. The latter does not find any pleasure in being humiliated,
in being shown that he is poorer, even if this poverty is of material,
intellectual or moral nature. The receiver wants to receive, but he is not a
recipient indifferent to the content poured into him. He is a living, sensible,
suspicious and patient being. Usually he dealt with many benevolent persons
that disappointed him. He is always on watch, conquering a receiver is not an
easy task and it is not at anybody’s hand. We need to be modest, real modest,
and not to shock by our clothing, not to be hypocritical declaring that we
suffer beside the others while our face beams with happiness. Without falling
into vulgarity or into banality, it is necessary to get to the lower level of
the receiver. This one, instead, needs to be discreetly and concomitantly
suggested the need for him to make an effort in order to get to an upper level,
to exceed his actual level.
4.2. Characteristics of the
environment
a)
political and
social-economic environment.
Any communication
must take into account the context. The context is the one that determines the
usefulness of information, its value, its chances of being efficient. Let’s
take the most banal example: one and one is two. Without this truth that is at
everybody’s hand, even if this person is learned or not, the biggest
catastrophes would happen, moreover, it is very difficult to imagine that
anything would run normally. Computers would not be useful, clocks would go
wrong, trains would stop. And all the rest. And yet, what would we have to gain
if, when meeting a person, known or unknown to us, we started trying to
persuade it that the truth one and one is two is of a major importance? At
best, the receiver would shake his head and would leave.
The social
environment is, in his turn, the catalyst of communication. We generally talk
about subjects people are interested in, ordinary subject matters: weather,
price, economic stability, political problems, pollution. We talk about
children and aged persons, about pupils and students, about unemployed persons.
We talk about unmarried persons and orphans, about sex and love. As a
philosopher would say, humans we are, and everything is human touches us. And
man is, above anything, an individuality caught in a social context.
For a social
worker, for a teacher, social environment is the main element in which he
integrates his message. Nobody is willing to listen to some information that
has nothing to do with its interest. It is the human nature to ask what is the
use of a word, of an object, of a piece of information, even of a gift for
which, obviously he did not lift a finger and on which he may anytime give up.
b)
where is the sender
and where is the receiver
For an individual,
there is no generally useful information, regardless its importance. There are,
indeed, situations in history in which exceptional individuals died for an
idea, or even because of the fact that they refused to utter a single word they
did not believe in. The case of Galileo Galilei is the first that comes to our
minds, but it is not the only one. The first Christians let themselves
crucified, thrown to killing animals in Roman amphitheatres; others, in the
Middle Age, were burnt at the stake. History does not only hold in honour their
names, but it also cherishes their memory every time it has the opportunity.
There are examples we always give when wanting to offer the dimension of
mankind characters. These people are our virtuous parents or brothers, we live
through them, they represent the glory of humanity. And yet …They cannot be
taken outside the context. They have spoken violent truths in a given context.
Asserting now in front of the papal authority or of any other kind of authority
that earth is not the centre of the universe does not represent an act of
bravery, but, at the most, a naïve thing. Asserting that Jesus Christ died and
rose again from the dead cannot be dangerous but in a Muslim environment
dominated by Talibans.
In order to be able to
communicate, you have to give up the conviction that it would be sufficient to
talk, as well as the illusion that you already got into the other’s soul only
by simply talking or by listening. A real communication cannot take place if
you do not really know the interlocutor. To know the interlocutor means to know
something more about him than his name and the way he looks. It is necessary
for you to know, if not everything, at least the cultural environment he comes
from and that influenced the development of his system of values. It was
noticed that the understanding of life derives mainly from the membership of a
group. To be human means to belong to a community. This truth is also caught in
the Kiswahili phrase, wa kwetu, meaning
“somebody from my house, my family and my tribe”. The Dangomba Tribe of Ghana
It is natural for any
individual to ask himself, as soon as he is aware of his personality, the
following questions: where does he come from, what is he and where does he go.
In this case, the first contacts are with the ones around him: he has parents,
brothers, grandparents, on short, a family. But his family, in its turn, is part
of a community: village, commune, department, province, country, continent. The
most striking characteristic features are those belonging to the immediate
group and to the direct relations system established by the individual,
characteristics that confer him the feeling of belonging. In many societies,
people do not see themselves as isolated autonomous individualities, but as
bonds intimately interconnected in the vast kinship branches. The same blood
(the same life, because we must not forget that in the Semitic vision and in
the entire Scripture, blood means life) was inherited by them from the first
ancestor and runs through everybody’s veins. The individuals are important only
for the reason that they form families, clans and tribes with other individuals.
Their welfare depends on the welfare of the group and their life has
significance only insofar as it is shared with the others. The most important
obligations of people and especially of leaders, are those of protecting and
feeding this life. The feeling of common identity is present among all members
of Yoruba tribe in Nigeria
The
entire existence, from birth to death, is organically included in a series of
associations, and life has full value only within these close relations. But
they are not randomly established. These close relations include members of the
extended family, the clan and the village, various community societies and
organisations to which forefathers and ancestors are added, as well as gods
interested in the daily life of the human being. We should not draw the
conclusion that community life would have as purpose isolation and
introversion. On the contrary, there is a permanent urge for communication. For
this reason, the main need of the Yoruba individual is to become attached to
human beings, to communicate, and also to meet other persons in order to
integrate himself in the general.
An example of this relational
feeling may be found in Yoruba tribe in Nigeria
In the centre of this community system of life
is the concept of relations or connections. Life is not seen as a
division into several discreet units. It is an endless river flowing from
parent to child and from one generation to another. The relation between parent
and child is seen beyond the strictly biological level. First of all, it is a
relation of a social and spiritual nature. Children do not receive only the
bodies from their parents. They also take over their personalities, their
social identity and the spirits transmitted from parent to child by means of
this life cycle. As a consequence, parents’ purity brings blesses to children,
and their sins bring the punishment of their children and of their children’s
children, as in the Semite vision in the Book of Exodus, Chapter 20: 5-6).
This vision may seem to some
persons not only simple, but also natural and general. But this is not true.
Upon Enlightenment thinking, with the emphasis laid on the right of individual
autonomy, each person and generation experiments an existential cycle and each
person might be judged by its own deeds. But in the most of the societies,
especially in the ancient ones or in those relating to the patriarchal values,
this does not happen, as good and evil are characteristic features of life or
of blood running through the veins of all families and clans.
4.3.
The feeling of belonging
The connection system can be found with the
group of people that found again their origin in a common ancestor. They
believe that the life or the blood of this ancestor runs through everybody’s
veins. Many of them are sure that life is transferred from parent to child. The
result: paternal genealogy and the clans – people that originate in the same
ancestor on the male side. Others attribute life to mother and, implicitly, to
maternal clans and genealogies. There is no essential difference from the point
of view of our debates. Both visions consider the river of life as being larger
than life conceived at the individual level. Let us imagine for a moment that
all people that bear the name Ionescu believe that they share the same life and
that the important thing is not the life of each individual, but the continuity
and the increase in number of Ionescu clan for the future. In this case, each
Ionescu may ask for another Ionescu’s help, and he expects to get this help
even if those two Ionescu never met. Moreover, each Ionescu may be required to
die for the prosperity of the community that represents life at the Ionescu
level. This is the quintessence of the vision about the community, in which
nobody is alone any more and does not represent only himself.
The relation system arises
between kindred communities made up of ancestors, the living, the unborn –
connected by means of biological, psychological, social and spiritual
relations. People cannot separate from their children, grandsons and
great-grandsons, alive or unborn, or from their parents, grandparents and
great-grandparents, alive or dead. The entire family has to stay always
together. As children grow, they eat, live and play, work together with their
fathers and mothers, grandfathers and grandmothers, grandsons and
granddaughters, neighbours and friends. They have many parents, as every uncle
and every aunt is a parent. They have many brothers and sisters, because the
cousins with the same blood are also included in this category. Each person has
a common responsibility in relation with the behaviour of each member. Nobody
can imagine a happy life away from the family. A woman, Riana, from the Luo
tribe of Kenya
f).
foreseeable changes of the environment.
The sender has the
obligation to consider the present and the future effects of his message. He
does not speak just for the art of it (regardless of the fact that he is a
teacher, a journalist or just a simple traveller in a train compartment). When
communicating, the individual expects a reaction,: of approval, of awareness
and of admission. He hopes to establish a profound long lasting communication.
A friendship, a linking channel for a future business, a future friendship, a
future love affair. If he works in mass media he will have as purpose for the
receiver to memorise his voice and his name, to remember the title of the show
and the broadcasting hour. The public worker that gave a competent information
hopes to be appreciated, the lawyer that did his job well hopes to be
recommended to other friends and acquaintances of his client. The social worker
transmits and receives information hoping that, if returning in the same
environment he is received with trust, he finds the door of the house and of
the heart always open for other projects. But any of these senders need
premonition, a little gift of prophecy: they must know how tomorrow looks like,
they must feel it, think it, plan it. If we are not happy with today, if the
reality of today does not satisfy us, then tomorrow has to be planned by taking
into account every co-ordinate of the environment. Contemporary society is no
longer at the disposal of the institution. It lets itself studied, it has
developed its study instruments and now the development and the future do not
belong to hazard any more but for those that are not trained. The messages,
both for the sender and for the receiver, are filtered and related to
statistics and have to be verified by practise.
Nobody can create
anymore the illusion of the senior in the Middle Age, of the owner that
encloses his domain and lifts the bridge of the castle, after considering
himself satisfied of the fact that he has all. Contemporary world is a world of
communication, of specialisation and exchanges. All these need messages and
information flow. Thus, communication became the work place for many enough
individuals. And we do not refer now to those working in telephony services or
in mass media. Bernard Miege, teacher of communication sciences at Stendhal
Grenoble 3 University, notices that, once with the telephone and the new
communication networks, the cultural and informational consumption leaves the
paths it had previously followed, for decades, and that led to a profound,
although progressive restructuring: ”cultural practices and communication are
related to each other from now on”; and yet, as he demonstrates on another
occasion, it is „an abuse to confound them and the more to include those first
in this vague ensemble created by communication.”[3]
Moreover, Bernard Miege notices, due to the new communication instruments, the
borders between work and entertainment became almost invisible, tending to
disappear, because many persons started using the computer for games and
recreation and afterwards it became indispensable to them in their daily
activity concerning the work responsibilities. And as much time as somebody
would spend in front of the computer, that person cannot be persuaded of the
fact that the computer does not make easier his work, even if this means only
drawing a table or consulting a bibliography
Perception continuity
Perception and
perception process are among the most weird components of human personality, as
we hardly can find elements that are able to demonstrate why we perceive in
this way and not differently. Both the philosophers and the psychologists were
intrigued for a long period of time by the nature of the human perceptual
process. One of the explanations for their interest is that man is curious by
nature and in his relation with the outside world he asks himself which are the causes of his experiences and
to what extent do they accurately reflect the world.[4]
Besides this
general curiosity, the reason of his interest in the perceptual process comes
from an apparent paradox, based on the difference between the nature of our
experiences and of our knowledge, resulting from the way in which those
experiences were produced. Thus, the world appears to be given to us by means
of experience. And besides all these, a causal analysis of all these events
show a totally different situation.
This is an example
given by the study The issues in person
perception: you open your eyes and see a blue vase of about 20 cm, placed
on a table. The vase appears in a certain distance – its shape and colour are
well defined. Let us think for a moment of the causal elements involved. Light,
with waves of a certain length, is reflected on the surface of the vase. Some
of these waves impress the retina of your eye, and if enough retina cells are
irritated, several visual nerves shall transmit to the sensorial apparatus,
including to sub-cortical centres, a series of electric impulses that finally
reach the cortex. This description offers the image of a more than indirect
contact with the world: light waves, retina
events, sensorial nerves events, sub-cortical
events, cortical events, and afterwards, merely in the end, visual
experience results. What is important here is the fact that this causal
experience offers us an image totally different from the one that we would have
naively described as an experience. This is the reason why conflicts arise
between the experiences in our daily life, related to the objects and their
properties, and the analysis of the way in which these objects come to exist.
For this reason the
following question was raised: How does the human being succeed in creating a
coherent perceptual world out of these chaotic invasions of psychic?
Our world of
experiences has a structure. Our experiences of the world have a structure. Let
us start with the reality of the experience and explore the way in which
structure may be obtained. First of all, we know that in the end, our
experiences are dependent on our sensorial apparatus, which, for visual
experiences, includes both the retina and the neuronal sensors, connecting the
retina with the visual areas of the cortex. This apparatus plays the part of a translator.
Light waves impress the eye and we experience the colour. Some sound waves
impress the ear and we experience the sound. Without the sensorial apparatus we
would not have any contact with the outside world. In spite of this reality
demonstrated by science, the question related to the nature of this
“translation” still stands.
Some philosophers
and psychologists agreed on the fact that the translation process is, in its
essence, a passive one, determined by the psychological properties of the stimulus,
by the structure of the receivers and the sensors of the nervous system. In a
way, they saw our sensorial apparatus working as a high speed translation
device …This view led to disputes about how much of this “dictionary” is given
by birth and how much is the product of our learning process.
A reason for the
popularity of the passive perceiving of the images is that of getting close to
our experiences and the fact that they permanently offer us something. Our
experiences are immediate and they are directly felt. What we feel leads us to
the belief that the translation process has to be automatic and inside built.
A first argument
against this view is that derived from the fact that our experience of the
outside world is very selective. If we passively perceived the stimulus, our
world would be a chaos of experiences. For example: when reading a book, you
would be aware in the same time of the pressure of your clothes on your body
and of all the sounds around you. In fact, from an infinite of stimulus coming
towards us, we are aware only of certain objects and certain attributes of
these objects. Anybody asking two different persons to describe the same scene
is surprised of the fact that, in most of the cases, they describe the image
differently; each of them selects the different events and characteristics.
Considering this phenomenon, we are recommended to be more than passive
translators. In fact, we have to be active processors of information. World is
not happily revealed to us, we rather play an active part in creating our
feelings.
We state this
again: our experiences of the world are important not just because they offer
us knowledge, but because they form the objective
we shall later film with. Their
importance derives form the belief that the structured and established events
are not isolated one form another, but they are connected in a certain manner
in time … It is normal that our experiences of the world should have a meaning,
and the best way to reveal the importance of the event is to imagine a
meaningless world, a world in which the events succeed one after another
without any apparent connection. A world in which each event is a surprise.
Nothing seems to be familiar. The general sensation is that of chaos. Such a
situation is so much different from the daily life that it is very difficult to
imagine. Our experiences are important, usually, by what they have structured
and stable; by the fact that they are familiar to us, but especially by the
existence of a connection between them…
As a conclusion, our past
experiences and perceptions play a part that is absolutely necessary in
enriching the knowledge we have of the surrounding environment, of the world
that has structure, stability and importance. Without these, events would not
have any meaning. With them, our perceptions define a predictable world, an
ordered stage on which we may play our part.[5]
The important thing is to analyse
stage by stage a certain process and to read
the meanings behind an event.
Recommendation
Make the habit of reserving
five minutes every evening for one of the most important meetings: the meeting
with yourself! Keep at hand a sheet of paper or even a pocket book, or a
special notebook in order to write down your impressions. The day before an
activity:
·
Think of a person
you admire and who inspires you a special trust and whom you would like to be
your mentor or you would like to be like that person (from teacher to a book
hero).
·
Notice the way in
which that person talks, the gestures he makes, the way in which he is dressed,
his way of encouraging people, of listening them. Identify if his encouraging
words are formal or specific, if they contain general, magical formulas, or if
he talks to every person in a certain way. Find out his encouraging gesture.
·
Write down the
differences between the way in which he behaves towards people and the way in
which you behave towards them. Which are the gestures or the expressions you
would copy from him.
·
Use the first
occasion to meet an unknown person. Chase away any critical thought and any
temptation to make evaluations. Notice the way in which he walks and talks.
Show him that you accept him as he is. Make the first step in confiding in him
and notice his reaction. When you are alone, try to be aware of the taste the
meeting left you.
·
Choose a
“difficult” meeting that inspires you fear.
·
Visualise the
scene. Look at the office door you will open. Try not to look the imaginary
scene from somewhere outside you. You see your clothes, feel your body and even
hear the beat of your heart. Open the door, step forward, reach out your hand
and salute him. Remember all “contact keys”.
·
Visualise yourself
during the conversation. Take over the postural attitude while you listen to
the words uttered by both of you as if they belong to a single person.
·
Listen with all
your being. Relax and be concerned only with understanding the message.
·
You do not lose
anything, on the contrary, if you consider, at least for a moment, that the
person beside you means more than yourself.
·
Accept the idea that
your value lies in the capacity to devote yourself.
·
Do not accept the
idea that you have nothing to offer: you can offer a smile, a word, a caress.
[1] Şerban
Cioculescu ( 1902 - 1988 ) literary critic and historian, teacher at
the Bucharest University
[3] Bernard Miege, Societatea cucerită de comunicare,
Translation by Adrian Staii, preface by Mihai Coman, Iaşi
[4]
Albert H. Hastorf, David J. Schneider, and Judith Polefka, Communicate! A workbook for interpersonal
communication, p. 83-84.
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